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hi everyone welcome to nasa's goddard

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space flight center my name is elizabeth

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and i'm the social media lead here for

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the hubble space telescope and we're

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live now with some really big news from

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hubble and here to tell us more about it

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we have dr jane rigby with us and she's

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a co-author of the result that we're

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going to be talking about and also the

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operations project scientist for the

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recently launched james webb space

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telescope

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and we also have with us dr patty boyd

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who previously worked as the deputy

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operations project scientist for hubble

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and now works as the chief of nasa's

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exoplanets and stellar astrophysics

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laboratory thank you both so much for

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joining me today i'm really excited to

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hear about this hubble news and for

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anyone watching live if you have

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questions during the stream please feel

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free to comment them and we're going to

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do our best to get to some at the end of

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the show

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but for now i think we should just jump

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right in so patty uh sounds like hubble

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just broke a pretty impressive record

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could you tell us what hubble discovered

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sure i would love to and it's really

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exciting to talk about this

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record-setting star so like so many

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other discoveries from hubble it starts

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with an image a very beautiful image and

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one of the first things that you can see

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in that image are galaxies and those

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galaxies are actually gravitationally

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bound in a cluster those are fascinating

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objects in the universe they have a huge

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amount of mass and what's very special

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about this particular image in addition

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to that beautiful cluster of galaxies is

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it actually contains an image of a

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single star whose light left that object

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when the universe itself was less than a

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billion years old so this is a rare

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event and we're really excited to learn

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more about this object yeah that sounds

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super exciting and just as a refresher

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for everyone hubble has been orbiting

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earth for almost 32 years and is still

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generating incredible science like we

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just heard about so patty could you also

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tell us just what can astronomers learn

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about our universe by examining this

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star

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neighborhood like when you look up at

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the night sky those stars are in our

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milky way galaxy they're in the same

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galaxy that we're in we're a star one of

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a hundred billion or more in the milky

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way and those stars evolved a lot like

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we did in this same milky way galaxy and

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they're about you know thousands of

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light years away from us when we look at

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them so the light that from those stars

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is coming to us thousands of years later

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when we're looking at this star called

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arendelle we're looking at the universe

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itself when it was like in its first

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billion years we're at 3.8 billion years

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now the universe has changed a lot in

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that time so arendelle is this rare

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window when we can actually look back

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and see how stars were working in those

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very early days of the universe wow

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that's very interesting thank you and

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another cool part about this observation

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is that it was only possible because of

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an astrophysical phenomenon known as

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gravitational lensing so jane can you

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kind of break down for us like what

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gravitational lensing is

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sure so we can see the star

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even though you know we're looking back

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so far in time because of two things one

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the speed of light's not that fast right

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so we're able as patti would say we look

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back in space to look back in time and

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the other is this phenomenon of

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gravitational lensing which is just the

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fact predicted by einstein that mass

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bends space and so light is traveling

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through a curved space time and so it

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acts like a mass is bending light

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gravity is bending light well if you

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think about it what happens when you're

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bending light well

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eyeglasses are bending light right there

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they're getting the light to change

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where it shows up in your eyeball so you

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can see better so it turns out that

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this phenomenon of gravitational lensing

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when you get big concentrations of mass

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either a galaxy or better yet a cluster

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of galaxies together they can act like a

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cosmic telescope and bend the light

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focus it toward

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accidentally toward us and so this is a

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really rare phenomenon

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about maybe one in a thousand a one in

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ten thousand galaxies or gravitationally

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lensed but when this happens we can take

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advantage of these cosmic telescopes and

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then observe them with our human-built

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telescopes to see way farther than we

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normally can and those background

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galaxies that are way behind the cluster

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they don't have anything to do with the

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cluster

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we see them not only much brighter than

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they really are but stretched and

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magnified kind of like they're in a fun

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house mirror and that lets us study them

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in greater detail than we normally can

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with our current telescopes okay gotcha

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that's really cool

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and so another thing i'm wondering like

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how did astronomers when they were

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making this observation know that

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arendelle was an individual star rather

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than a bigger cosmic object sure so this

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is a cool case where this is a discovery

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that was half on purpose half oh wow

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that's cool which is how a lot of

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science works so the cl the cluster and

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the lens galaxy were found in 2016 uh by

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dan cohen collaborators and so they

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found the arc and said okay that's a

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that's a very high redshift arc redshift

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six a lens galaxy a redshift six about a

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billion years after the big bang is how

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we see it

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and so

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and then brian welch a graduate student

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at johns hopkins was given the task of

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modeling this thing and and doing the

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lens model of where's all the mass in

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the cluster and getting that to

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reproduce the the distorted shapes that

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we see of the lens galaxies and as he

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was doing this there's this dot in the

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middle of the lens galaxy and try as he

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could that dot had to be really small in

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all the models like super small like the

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size of our solar system and the

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magnification had to be really high like

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thousands

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and so

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the most obvious explanation is that

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we're seeing either one star or maybe a

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couple stars but it's that it's a not

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like a big star cluster but we're seeing

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down the scales of individual star or

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multiple stars all the way out a billion

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years after the big bang

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okay wow and speaking of you know this

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star being within the first billion

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years of the big bang patty how did

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astronomers know that about this star

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how did they know it was in there

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that's a great question and so like many

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of the images that hubble takes of these

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fields these treasury fields we're

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observing them to collect as much data

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as not only the team wants to get the

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science that they want to get out but

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that the entire community can really

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like

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mine that rich archive and get a lot of

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science out so one of the ways you can

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get the most science out of an image

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like this is to observe it in multiple

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filters and the filters are basically

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different colors of light so they they

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specify a certain range of colors and so

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this is a multi-color image

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using two instruments on the telescope

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and what that allows us to do is for the

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galaxies each galaxy is going to have a

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certain brightness in those filters and

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we can look at how that brightness

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changes as a function of our filter what

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we see with these objects that are very

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far they're red shifted we call it

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redshifted as they move further from us

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the whole universe is actually expanding

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the light gets shifted into the red and

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what that will do to a galaxy spectrum

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that's far redshifted is it'll actually

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kind of block it out in the optical you

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won't see the light there it'll just

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start to peek out the redder and redder

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that filter gets so if you notice in the

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image that that smear that we're looking

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at the sunrise arc it's called it's very

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red compared to the rest of the image

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and that's why is the light's just

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starting to pick up as we go redder and

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you can use that to estimate its

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redshift and that is exactly how the

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objects in that arc are estimated

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they're all at about the same redshift

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of 6.2 and you use that number and the

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photo photometric information that you

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have to estimate everything else it's

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distance and then its size scale is

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related to that so there's just a

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tremendous amount of scientific

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information in these multicolor images

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in addition to just the beauty of

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looking at the galaxies that are in them

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oh yeah for sure and patty also like why

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is it important to be studying this star

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that is within the first billion years

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of the big bang

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so when we look around at our local

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universe or the stars in our own galaxy

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we get a picture of how the universe has

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evolved and one of the coolest stories

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about that is where matter came from

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where the heavy elements came from where

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the carbon calcium oxygen that makes up

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everything you know our bodies our bones

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our telescopes where did those elements

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come from and the answer is that they're

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fused in the centers in the cores of

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stars and massive stars in particular

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are very efficient at this they fuse

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lower elements like hydrogen and helium

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into heavier elements and then they

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explode in supernova explosions and they

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spew that material out into their local

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environment so the next generation of

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stars can pull that in as they're

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forming those are the kind of things

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that form rocky planets like the earth's

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where we've got like an iron core and

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all those elements in our atmospheres

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those were fused in earlier generations

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of stars so arendelle is this single

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star the farthest yet that we've been

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able to observe and it will allow us to

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see how that process started to be put

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together in the very earliest days when

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did those very early heavy elements

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start to be infused into the material

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and it's just a window that's opening up

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onto you know the next big thing because

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that light is pushed so far into the red

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that we need a telescope that can go

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even further into the red than hubble

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can to really uncover the cool things

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yeah and speaking of i think

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another fantastic part about all of this

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is that there's already approved

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observations to look at arendelle with

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the recently launched james webb space

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telescope which is a super powerful

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infrared space telescope that just

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launched in december we're so excited

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for it to begin science operations this

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summer and jane could you kind of tell

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us how

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uh webb might bring this hubble

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discovery even farther sure so i learned

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about this this lens star

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when the the discoverers came to me said

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so do you want to be we're trying to

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figure out how to plan some web

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observations are you in i'm like oh i'm

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totally in that's cool so what we worked

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out was a set of observations with near

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cam which is the the image the near fred

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imager to get

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colors in all of those filters that are

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too red for hubble to do well right or

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to do it all right and so if so

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web will pick up where hubble left off

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getting redder filters so we'll have

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very crisp gorgeous images we've already

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proven with webb that we can take

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gorgeous images it's very as a very very

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sharp telescope and now we're getting

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the science instruments ready to go the

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second science instrument that we will

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target for this uh for this galaxy and

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star is near spec the near fred

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spectrograph and so we'll be taking

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spectra of not only the the lens galaxy

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the sunrise arc but also the star

302
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arendelle and so the near spec has a lot

303
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of cool bells and whistles one of them

304
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is it has this micro shutter array

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that has a quarter of a million doors

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that can open and close magnetically and

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so we will open up doors

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we'll close most of them so we don't get

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the the brightness of the sky in the way

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and then we'll just open some doors for

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the lens galaxy and for arendelle the

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star and we'll be getting spectra right

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with a little prism to tell us about

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what's inside of those get what's inside

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that galaxy what is the temperature of

316
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that star how bright is it really

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how as patty was talking about how many

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out what how

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how much of the heavier elements that

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were made in stars are in this galaxy

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versus just the boring hydrogen and

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helium that's made in the big bang okay

323
00:11:20,150 --> 00:11:18,480
gotcha and so more broadly speaking why

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is it important that both hubble and web

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are going to be operating at the same

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time

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sure so hubble and webb are really

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complementary they're they're not really

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in competition

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when we built web we knew full well

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there was a hubble up there doing great

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stuff and we didn't try to replicate

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that functionality so it's really like

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players in a band like you know your

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drummer and your keyboardist are doing

336
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different things

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and so you you select them for different

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skills so web is really designed to do

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the things that hubble can't it has much

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greater spectroscopic capabilities than

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hubble so we can really see what the

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universe is made of which is great

343
00:12:00,230 --> 00:11:58,240
because that's that's part of what i

344
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what my research is i love spectroscopy

345
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what's stuff made of

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um and then the other part is that we're

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00:12:07,829 --> 00:12:05,440
operating in the infrared with web so

348
00:12:08,949 --> 00:12:07,839
we're looking the bluest light that webb

349
00:12:12,389 --> 00:12:08,959
can see

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is like a dusky red like like red wine

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and then it just gets redder from there

352
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right so whereas hubble can see

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um into the near infrared and then it

354
00:12:23,910 --> 00:12:21,680
can see into pretty hard into the

355
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ultraviolet like bluer than cats or bees

356
00:12:26,790 --> 00:12:25,120
can see

357
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okay yeah it's going to be really great

358
00:12:30,629 --> 00:12:28,000
i'm very excited for them both to be

359
00:12:32,389 --> 00:12:30,639
working together up there and uh back to

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hubble patty could you just sort of tell

361
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us how hubble's doing these days how

362
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long we can expect it to last sure

363
00:12:40,949 --> 00:12:38,399
absolutely so hubble is actually doing

364
00:12:43,190 --> 00:12:40,959
great and it was launched in 1990 so

365
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it's coming up on its 32nd birthday in

366
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space that is a long time for an

367
00:12:50,230 --> 00:12:47,600
observatory to be in space i mean it's

368
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in a low earth orbit and its orbit was

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chosen so that it could be a rendezvous

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with the space shuttle and astronauts

371
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could actually grab it and bring it back

372
00:13:00,230 --> 00:12:58,720
into the bay there and service it what

373
00:13:02,550 --> 00:13:00,240
servicing meant was that it could

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refurbish the instruments refurbish the

375
00:13:07,030 --> 00:13:05,120
computer the power systems and this was

376
00:13:09,030 --> 00:13:07,040
done five times during the lifetime of

377
00:13:10,790 --> 00:13:09,040
hubble during the last servicing mission

378
00:13:12,629 --> 00:13:10,800
the astronauts worked very hard to leave

379
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the telescope at the peak of its

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capabilities and ever since then there's

381
00:13:19,110 --> 00:13:17,120
been a team of engineers and scientists

382
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working together on the ground to extend

383
00:13:23,670 --> 00:13:21,760
the lifetime as much as possible

384
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so we're expecting hubble to continue

385
00:13:27,829 --> 00:13:26,079
into the next decade so we can squeeze

386
00:13:28,790 --> 00:13:27,839
as much great science out of hubble as

387
00:13:31,030 --> 00:13:28,800
possible

388
00:13:32,550 --> 00:13:31,040
that's fantastic thank you guys all

389
00:13:33,990 --> 00:13:32,560
right so bear with me for a second we've

390
00:13:35,910 --> 00:13:34,000
been getting some questions from social

391
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media so let's see if there's anything

392
00:13:41,110 --> 00:13:39,920
we can talk about here um okay so

393
00:13:42,710 --> 00:13:41,120
we did talk about this a little bit

394
00:13:44,389 --> 00:13:42,720
early but maybe patty if you want to go

395
00:13:46,310 --> 00:13:44,399
into this a little bit more someone on

396
00:13:48,949 --> 00:13:46,320
youtube is just curious more knowing

397
00:13:51,590 --> 00:13:48,959
about how we can tell this is a star

398
00:13:52,389 --> 00:13:51,600
rather than you know a galaxy basically

399
00:13:55,990 --> 00:13:52,399
or

400
00:13:57,829 --> 00:13:56,000
either one i can take that one okay so

401
00:14:00,389 --> 00:13:57,839
the main constraint that it has to be

402
00:14:02,629 --> 00:14:00,399
really sm so the main constraint is that

403
00:14:05,110 --> 00:14:02,639
it's really small and really bright

404
00:14:07,030 --> 00:14:05,120
and so the size constraint comes mostly

405
00:14:09,670 --> 00:14:07,040
from the fact that in the images it

406
00:14:12,470 --> 00:14:09,680
looks like a dot it's round it isn't

407
00:14:14,310 --> 00:14:12,480
stretched and if it had any significant

408
00:14:16,470 --> 00:14:14,320
size like bigger than the size of our

409
00:14:19,350 --> 00:14:16,480
solar system then given the really high

410
00:14:21,590 --> 00:14:19,360
magnification we would see it stretched

411
00:14:24,069 --> 00:14:21,600
but we don't we see it as a dot and so

412
00:14:26,470 --> 00:14:24,079
that places a really strict limit on the

413
00:14:28,069 --> 00:14:26,480
size in the paper we give it in terms of

414
00:14:29,910 --> 00:14:28,079
but it you know it's got a

415
00:14:32,310 --> 00:14:29,920
they're all about the size of the solar

416
00:14:35,030 --> 00:14:32,320
system so it's got to be smaller than

417
00:14:36,629 --> 00:14:35,040
like out to pluto right so that's one

418
00:14:39,670 --> 00:14:36,639
constraint it's got to be something that

419
00:14:41,670 --> 00:14:39,680
fits in a small box okay and given that

420
00:14:42,790 --> 00:14:41,680
really high magnification something like

421
00:14:44,470 --> 00:14:42,800
thousands

422
00:14:46,949 --> 00:14:44,480
um and it's whether it's one thousand or

423
00:14:48,150 --> 00:14:46,959
ten thousand the we we showed a bunch of

424
00:14:50,310 --> 00:14:48,160
different models to show that it's

425
00:14:51,430 --> 00:14:50,320
somewhere in that range okay so you have

426
00:14:53,030 --> 00:14:51,440
something that's

427
00:14:55,910 --> 00:14:53,040
given its brightness magnified by

428
00:14:57,590 --> 00:14:55,920
factors of a thousand well that's like a

429
00:14:58,949 --> 00:14:57,600
million times the mass of the sun a

430
00:15:00,790 --> 00:14:58,959
million times the luminosity the

431
00:15:04,150 --> 00:15:00,800
brightness of the sun okay

432
00:15:05,350 --> 00:15:04,160
so all right what's what is out there

433
00:15:07,750 --> 00:15:05,360
that is

434
00:15:09,910 --> 00:15:07,760
bright as a million suns and fits in our

435
00:15:11,189 --> 00:15:09,920
solar system well that's really very

436
00:15:13,829 --> 00:15:11,199
massive stars

437
00:15:14,870 --> 00:15:13,839
or binaries could be binary or it could

438
00:15:16,069 --> 00:15:14,880
be

439
00:15:18,389 --> 00:15:16,079
some

440
00:15:20,389 --> 00:15:18,399
accreting black hole but we also know it

441
00:15:22,310 --> 00:15:20,399
hasn't changed in brightness so we have

442
00:15:24,870 --> 00:15:22,320
observations hubble has observed this

443
00:15:26,470 --> 00:15:24,880
this star multiple times in part to look

444
00:15:27,590 --> 00:15:26,480
for supernova we're going to look for

445
00:15:32,150 --> 00:15:27,600
lens

446
00:15:34,389 --> 00:15:32,160
multiple epochs we don't see any sign

447
00:15:35,670 --> 00:15:34,399
that has changed brightness so one of

448
00:15:37,749 --> 00:15:35,680
the characteristic features of

449
00:15:39,509 --> 00:15:37,759
recreating black holes is that they go

450
00:15:40,870 --> 00:15:39,519
up and down in brightness and they

451
00:15:43,829 --> 00:15:40,880
change and so

452
00:15:46,310 --> 00:15:43,839
so we think the most likely explanation

453
00:15:47,829 --> 00:15:46,320
in the paper is that this really is a

454
00:15:50,230 --> 00:15:47,839
massive star

455
00:15:51,910 --> 00:15:50,240
yeah okay make sense thank you awesome

456
00:15:53,509 --> 00:15:51,920
well thank you all so much for sending

457
00:15:54,949 --> 00:15:53,519
in these questions on social media i

458
00:15:56,150 --> 00:15:54,959
think we are unfortunately running out

459
00:15:57,910 --> 00:15:56,160
of time for today though so we're going

460
00:15:59,189 --> 00:15:57,920
to have to wrap things up but thank you

461
00:16:00,629 --> 00:15:59,199
all for tuning in to learn more about

462
00:16:02,710 --> 00:16:00,639
hubble's discovery of the farthest

463
00:16:04,230 --> 00:16:02,720
individual star ever seen this is a

464
00:16:06,550 --> 00:16:04,240
really cool story so if you want to find

465
00:16:08,230 --> 00:16:06,560
out more be sure to check out nasa.gov

466
00:16:10,150 --> 00:16:08,240
hubble and as always you can keep up

467
00:16:12,629 --> 00:16:10,160
with hubble on social media at nasa

468
00:16:14,230 --> 00:16:12,639
hubble on facebook twitter and instagram

469
00:16:15,990 --> 00:16:14,240
thank you all so much for joining us